火力發(fā)電在國民經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程中起著重要作用，但由其產(chǎn)生的CO2排放量約占全球CO2總排放量的40%。能源低碳經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域中的1項重要課題是充分利用可再生能源，但是以風(fēng)能和太陽能為代表的可再生能源仍存在一定的不穩(wěn)定性?？赏ㄟ^多種方式對能量進行儲存，其中1類方法就是通過電解水的方式制氫，并將制取的氫能進行有效儲存。由于未來對電能的要求將與日俱增，除了通過相關(guān)設(shè)備將風(fēng)能和太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換成電能之外，可使內(nèi)燃機燃用氫燃料以有效降低排放，并相應(yīng)減少對電能的需求。這種能源系統(tǒng)提供了1種經(jīng)濟的解決方案，同時不會使電網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生較大的波動。
Thermal power generation plays an important role in the development of national economy, but its CO2 emissions account for about 40% of the total global CO2 emissions. An important topic in the field of energy and low-carbon economy is to make full use of renewable energy, but the renewable energy represented by wind energy and solar energy still has some instability. Energy can be stored in many ways, of which the first method is to produce hydrogen by electrolyzing water and effectively store the hydrogen energy produced. Due to the increasing demand for electric energy in the future, in addition to converting wind and solar energy into electric energy through relevant equipment, hydrogen fuel can be used in internal combustion engines to effectively reduce emissions and reduce the demand for electric energy accordingly. This energy system provides an economic solution without causing large fluctuations in the power grid.
即使將發(fā)動機切換成以氫燃料運行，仍然會產(chǎn)生排放。與燃用天然氣的排放情況相比，由于氫燃料燃燒時的火焰?zhèn)鞑ニ俣容^快，在過量空氣系數(shù)λ≤2.0時會產(chǎn)生較多的氮氧化物(NOx)，而氫發(fā)動機在λ≥2.5的情況下運行，可有效降低發(fā)動機排放。其主要挑戰(zhàn)在于空氣增壓系統(tǒng)需要使氫燃料在λ數(shù)值盡可能大的條件下運行，但同時又不對天然氣的燃燒運行過程產(chǎn)生不利影響。
Even if the engine is switched to run on hydrogen fuel, emissions will still be generated. Compared with the emission of burning natural gas, the flame propagation speed of hydrogen fuel combustion is faster, and the excess air coefficient λ ≤ 2.0 will produce more nitrogen oxides (NOx), while hydrogen engine will λ Operating at ≥ 2.5 can effectively reduce engine emissions. The main challenge is that the air charging system needs to make hydrogen fuel λ The value shall be as large as possible, but it will not adversely affect the combustion and operation process of natural gas.
除了增壓機組之外，對預(yù)燃室火花塞進行優(yōu)化也是1項關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。預(yù)燃室火花塞與常規(guī)火花塞相似，所不同的是其電極布設(shè)于預(yù)燃室中，并可通過預(yù)燃室末端的噴孔與主燃燒室相通。在壓縮行程期間，預(yù)燃室中逐漸充滿濃混合氣。燃燒過程始于預(yù)燃室，產(chǎn)生的火焰隨后從預(yù)燃室中傳出，并進入主燃燒室。預(yù)燃室的設(shè)計對于燃燒品質(zhì)起著決定性的作用，因此研究人員必須對每款發(fā)動機的燃燒室特性進行優(yōu)化。
In addition to the booster unit, optimizing the spark plug of the precombustion chamber is also a key technology. The spark plug in the precombustion chamber is similar to the conventional spark plug, except that its electrode is arranged in the precombustion chamber and can be connected with the main combustion chamber through the nozzle hole at the end of the precombustion chamber. During the compression stroke, the precombustion chamber is gradually filled with rich mixture. The combustion process begins in the precombustion chamber, and the generated flame then exits from the precombustion chamber and enters the main combustion chamber. The design of precombustion chamber plays a decisive role in combustion quality, so researchers must optimize the combustion chamber characteristics of each engine.
由于氫燃料易于自燃，因此在燃用氫燃料時，發(fā)動機無需使用預(yù)燃室火花塞，因為該部件會降低氫燃料燃燒的安全性(圖2)。但實際情況恰恰相反，為實現(xiàn)零排放目標(biāo)，氫混合氣較為稀薄，混合氣λ>2.5。
Since hydrogen fuel is prone to spontaneous combustion, the engine does not need to use the pre combustion chamber spark plug when burning hydrogen fuel, because this component will reduce the safety of hydrogen fuel combustion (Fig. 2). However, the actual situation is just the opposite. In order to achieve the goal of zero emission, the hydrogen mixture is relatively thin and the mixture λ> 2.5。
在該條件下，氫燃料的自燃性會顯著降低，因而其燃燒速度也會相應(yīng)降低。研究人員通過采用經(jīng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計的預(yù)燃室火花塞，改善了該類稀薄混合氣的燃燒速度。與此相反，存在缺陷的預(yù)燃室火花塞在燃用氫燃料時會導(dǎo)致一系列技術(shù)弊端，從而降低了預(yù)燃室火花塞用于氫發(fā)動機的適用性。
Under this condition, the spontaneous combustion of hydrogen fuel will be significantly reduced, so its combustion speed will be reduced accordingly. The researchers improved the combustion speed of this kind of lean mixture by using the optimized pre combustion chamber spark plug. On the contrary, the defective precombustion chamber spark plug will lead to a series of technical disadvantages when burning hydrogen fuel, which reduces the applicability of precombustion chamber spark plug for hydrogen engine.
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